What is Darwinism?, by Charles Hodge
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What is Darwinism?, by Charles Hodge
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What is Darwinism?, by Charles Hodge- Published on: 2015-09-15
- Released on: 2015-09-15
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.61" h x .43" w x 6.69" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 190 pages
About the Author 1797-1878
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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful. genev By genev This Kindle e-book contains an interactive table of contents, thus providing the reader with easy access to any of the selections. Charles Hodge defines Darwinism as "a theory of the universe, at least so far as the living organisms on this earth are concerned." Hodge develops six different theories as to the Origin of the Universe, and especially of vegetable and animal organisms: The Scriptural Theory, The Pantheistic Theory, The Epicurean Theory, The Doctrine of Herbert Spencer, The Hylozoic Theory, and Unscriptural Forms of Theism. Summarizing only the Scriptural Theory, Hodge believes that the "God of the Bible, then, is a Spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in His being, wisdom, power, holiness, goodness, and truth."...The origin of the universe is "not eternal neither as to matter or form. It is not independent of God...It owes its existence to His will."...the universe is "not a mere phenomenon. It is an entity, having real objective existence, or actuality....although God is extramundane, He is nevertheless, everywhere present...Man a part of the universe, is according to the Scriptures, as concerns his body, of the earth. So far, he belongs to the animal kingdom. As to his soul, he is a child of God, who is declared to be the Father of the spirits of all men."After discussing Darwin's theory natural selection in other sections Hodge provides (what he calls) 'proofs' from six advocates of Darwinism and from six opponents of Darwinism. His sections on the Relation of Darwinism to Religion, Causes of the antagonism between Science and Religion, and The Evolution Theory contrary to Facts and Scripture are helpful.Sadly, Charles Hodge lapsed by rejecting the plain meaning of Genesis because of alleged geological facts, which were really uniformitarian interpretations of facts. In his Systematic Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, pp. 570-571, 1997) he stated "According to the commonly received chronology, our globe has existed only a few thousand years. According to geologists, it must have existed for countless ages. And again, according to the generally received interpretation of the first chapter of Genesis, the process of creation was completed in six days, whereas geology teaches that it must have been in progress through periods of time which cannot be computed....It is of course admitted that, taking this account by itself, it would be most natural to understand the word in its ordinary sense; but if that sense brings the Mosaic account into conflict with facts, and another sense avoids such conflict, then it is obligatory on us to adopt that other."
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful. THE FAMED PRINCETON THEOLOGIAN CONCLUDES THAT “DARWINISM IS ATHEISM” By Steven H Propp Charles Hodge (1797-1878) was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878, and one of the greatest exponents of traditional Calvinism in America during the 19th century. His Systematic Theology is one of the true “classics” of Protestant theology.[NOTE: page numbers below refer to the 182-page paperback edition, with a 59-page Introduction.]This book was first published in 1874; this edition contains a lengthy and very helpful historical introduction by Mark Noll and David Livingstone. They also cite “Three Brief Notices” from some of his other works, such as Hodge’s statement from his Systematic Theology, “It is admitted that theologians are not infallible in the interpretation of Scripture. It may, therefore, happen in the future, as it has in the past, that interpretations of the Bible, long confidently received, must be modified or abandoned to bring revelation into harmony with what God teaches in his works. This change of view as to the true meaning of the Bible may be a painful trial to the Church, but it does not in the least impair the authority of the Scriptures. They remain infallible; we are merely convicted of having mistaken their meaning…” (Pg. 58)Hodge points out that Darwin “often uses teleological language, speaking of purpose, intention, contrivance, adaptation, etc…. It is affirmed that natural selection is the operation of natural laws… It is denied that it is a process originally designed or guided by intelligence, such as the activity which foresees and end and consciously selects and controls the means of its accomplishment. Artificial selection, then, is an intelligent process; natural selection is not.” (Pg. 86)He observes, “It is however neither evolution nor natural selection which gives Darwinism its peculiar character and importance. It is that Darwin rejects all teleology or the doctrine of final causes. He denies design in any of the organisms in the vegetable or animal world. He teaches that the eye was formed without any purpose or producing an organ of vision… it is this feature of his system which brings it into conflict not only with Christianity, but with the fundamental principles of natural religion…” (Pg. 92)He states, “It will be observed that every step in his account of the formation of the eye is an arbitrary assumption. We must first assume a thick layer of tissue, then that this tissue is transparent, then that it has cavities filled with fluid, that beneath the tissue is a nerve sensitive to light, then that the fluid is constantly varying in density and thickness, that its surfaces are constantly changing their contour, that its different portions are ever shifting their relative distances, that every favorable change is seized upon and rendered permanent---thus after millions of years we may get an eye as perfect as that of an eagle.” (Pg. 96)He argues, “According to Darwin’s theory, organs are formed by the slow accumulation of unintended variations which happen to be favorable… in the struggle for life. But in many cases these organs, instead of being favorable, are injurious or cumbersome until fully developed. Take the wing of a bird, for example. In its rudimentary state, it is useful neither for swimming, walking, nor flying… how long did it take to render a rudimentary wing useful?... There are but three kinds of locomotion that we know of: in the water, on the ground, and through the air; for all these purposes a half-formed wing would be an impediment.” (Pg. 117)He asserts, “A… cause of the alienation between science and religion is the failure to make due distinction between facts and the explanation of those facts, or the theories derived from them. No sound-minded man disputes any scientific fact. Religious men believe with Agassiz that facts are sacred. They are revelations from God… Religious men admit all the facts connected with our solar system, all the facts of geology, and of comparative anatomy, and of biology. Ought this not to satisfy scientific men? Must we also admit their explanations and inferences?... It is to be remembered that the facts are from God, the explanation from men; and the two are often as far apart as Heaven and the antipode.” (Pg. 133)He says, “No man asserts the immutability of all those varieties of plants and animals which naturalists, for the convenience of classification, may call distinct species. [Ernst} Haeckel, for example, gives a list of twelve species of man. So any one man make fifty species of dogs or of horses. This is a mere artificial distinction which amounts to nothing. There is a far greater difference between a pouter and a carrier pigeon than between a Caucasian and a Mongolian. To call the former varieties of the same species, and the latter different species, is altogether arbitrary.” (Pg. 143)He argues, “That this ordered cosmos is not from necessity or chance is almost a self-evident fact. Not one man in a million of those who ever heard of God either does doubt or can doubt it. Besides, how are the cosmical relations of light, heat, electricity, to the constituent parts of the universe and… to vegetable and animal life, to be accounted for? Is this all chance work? Is it by chance that light and heat cause plants to carry on their wonderful operations…? Is it without a purpose that water instead of contracting expands at the freezing point---a fact to which is due that the earth north of the tropic is habitable for man or beast? It is not answer to this question to say that a few other substances have the same peculiarity when no good end, that we can see, is thereby accomplished. No man is so foolish, because he cannot tell what the spleen was made for, as to deny that his eye was intended to enable him to see… If a man denies that there is design in nature, he can with quite as good reason deny that there is any design in any or in all the works ever executed by man.” (Pg. 154-155)He concludes, “We have thus arrive at the answer to our question, What is Darwinism? It is Atheism. This does not mean… that Mr. Darwin himself and all who adopt his views are atheists; but it means that his theory is atheistic, that the exclusion of design from nature is… tantamount to atheism.” (Pg. 156-157)This is a thoughtful critique of traditional “Darwinism” from a very important theologian. [It should be noted that Hodge was not a “young-earth” dogmatist; in his Systematic Theology, he said that the age of the earth and of man was “at present an open question.”] It will be of great interest to anyone looking for serious theological reflections on basic evolutionary theory.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. Not much sense here. Full of logical fallacies, quote mines and false context. Want my time back. By Eva Full of false and twisted information, not to mention that the logic applied is like Swiss cheese: chock full of holes. And the quote mining... Agh! Not worth the time I wasted reading it.
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