Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology (Classic Reprint), by Alfred Russel Wallace
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Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology (Classic Reprint), by Alfred Russel Wallace
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Excerpt from Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical BiologyThe present volume consists mainly of a reprint of two volumes of essays - Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, which appeared in 1870, with a second edition in 1871, and has now been many years out of print; and, Tropical Nature and Other Essays, which appeared in 1878.In preparing a new edition of these works to appear as a single volume I have thought it advisable to omit two essays - that on "The Malayan Papilionidæ" as being too technical for general readers, and that on "The Distribution of Animals as indicating Geographical Changes," which contains nothing that is not more fully treated in my other works. Another essay - "By - Paths in the Domain of Biology" - has also been partly omitted, one portion of it forming a short chapter on "The Antiquity and Origin of Man," while another portion has been incorporated in the chapter on "The Colours of Animals and Sexual Selection." More than compensating for these omissions are two new chapters - "The Antiquity of Man in North America" and 'The Debt of Science to Darwin."Many corrections and some important additions have been made to the text, the chief of which are indicated in the table given below; and to facilitate reference the two original works have separate headings, and form Parts I. and II. of the present volume.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology (Classic Reprint), by Alfred Russel Wallace- Published on: 2015-09-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x 1.03" w x 5.98" l, 1.49 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 510 pages
About the Author Jane R. Camerini is a faculty associate in the department of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
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2 of 3 people found the following review helpful. Important Foundational Evolutionary Contributions From the Co-Discoverer of the Theory of Natural Selection By Scholastic Reader Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) truly is a forgotten giant who independently, in 1858, concluded and published (1 year before the publication Darwin's "Origin of Species" in 1859) the first major contribution to the theory of Natural Selection (Paper # 2 in this volume). Wallace does not use the term "Natural Selection" in the paper, but the idea of Natural Selection is clearly there. Darwin coins the term 1 year later in his publication (though the term was used by Darwin in 2 older unpublished essays/sketches from 1842 and 1844). Of course, according to Richard Dawkins in "Seeing Further: The Story of Science, Discovery, and the Genius of the Royal Society", Edward Blyth in 1935 and Patrick Matthew in 1931 had already published on natural selection.In a paper from 1855 (Paper # 1 in this volume), 4 years before the publishing of "Origin of Species", one can see how Wallace's ideas on evolution were resembling Natural Selection already. Thus, Darwin's contributions were not new or unique since others had come up with similar conclusions and ideas already (Lamarck, Wallace, Lyell, Chambers). See the end of this review for links to other books which document the history of such simple ideas as natural selection and evolution. In fact in 1858, Wallace sent Darwin his independent derivation (Paper # 2 in this volume) of the theories of Natural Selection and evolution after reading Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population (Oxford World's Classics) years before. Malthus' essay impacted both men heavily on natural selection specifically and evolution in general since it dealt with limits of populations, resources, reproduction, and survival. For instance, Darwin wrote in his autobiography (1876), "In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work."Another major influence in both Darwin and Wallace was Charles Lyell. Lyell had discussed ideas on evolution in the 1830s and both Darwin and Wallace used his work, such as Principles of Geology, Volume 2, in developing their views. Though Volume 1 and 3 of Lyell's work pushed for uniformitarianism and extended the history of the earth to long epochs that fluctuated through time but balancing out as an average, Volume 2 was the one that influenced Darwin the most since it mentioned extensive discussions on gradual and slow evolutionary theories, limits of transmutations of species, artificial selection, the balancing of increases and decreases of plant and animal populations, distributions of animals, etc; and was with him in the Beagle. Another important work before Wallace and Darwin's thesis was Robert Chambers 1844 publication called Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings. This was an earlier publication on progressive/gradual evolution than both Wallace and Darwin which inspired Wallace in 1845 to seek out a law on transmutation and origin of species. The rest is history.For Wallace's autobiography and his independent derivation of the theory of natural selection, details on his relationship with Darwin, and his life as an avid empirical researcher on geographical distribution of animals please read My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions, Volume 1 and Volume 2.Wallace concluded via geological evidence and geographical distribution of animals, among other arguments, that gradual evolution occurred in long epochs accounting for the origin of all species and that species grew and diverged when they adapted and diminished when they failed to adapt. This constituted an evolutionary theory that Charles Darwin would eventually arrive at and match. Wallace's view is slightly different than Darwin's view in that Darwin saw evolution as just a "process" theory and Wallace saw evolution as a Law of Nature in the same way as Gravitation was seen as a Law at that time. In that sense Wallace was more hardcore in his view of evolution than Darwin was.This collection of essays are really important since they carry Wallace's original 1858 work that first mentioned the view that would be later called "natural selection" and put pressure on Darwin to publish his views of gradual evolution in the "Origin of Species".Here are the essay titles with topics mentioned and discussed by Alfred Russel Wallace in these monumental and forgotten papers :1. "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" (1855)This is Wallace's 1855 paper published in "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" where he sets up concepts similar to Darwin's later theory. The notes on this essay mention the relationship of Wallace's early paper(s) to Darwin, in page 21.Here there is discussion on how Geology hints at diversification of the earth and so do species via geological epochs and geographic distribution of species; extinction and renewal of species; Wallace's core foundation for gradual evolution: Geological distribution of species and Geographical distribution of species ; the Galapagos; his theory is of "gradual change" not "progression"; Wallace's used the analogy of a tree (like Darwin's Tree of Life) to represent how species emerged; older species have been more complex than current species, objections to Forbes' "Theory of Polarity" and assuming that the number of species on Earth in the past are not much less than the present number since extinctions and creations balance each other out at some point; "Rudimentary Organs" - vestigial organs and physiological imperfections; the Law that introduces new species is deduced necessarily like the Law of Elliptic Orbits of Planets or the Law of Gravitation.2. "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type" (1858)This is the monumental work that co-established (I say "first" established) the theory of "Natural Selection" - published in "Proceedings of the Linnaean Society" along with Darwin's paper; addresses the "reversion of species to back to parent species" argument by population and number of offspring being more than 2 usually; struggle for existence; adaption to conditions of existence is the reason for rarity or abundance of a species and its survival; good variations of species increase, bad variations of species decrease; superior variations of species surpass and survive; Lamarck challenged3. "Mimicry and Other Protective Resemblances among Animals" (1867)Theories on color and camouflage in animals; protection for animals other than color; one case of "intelligently designed" resemblance where design and intention is visible: flies that enter bee's nest; mimicry among insects, snakes, birds, mammals; objections to Bates' "Theory of Mimicry" and "Special Creation Theory" countered; sexual selection of female insects, birds; camouflage used to protect or to easily prey upon other creatures; "survival of the fittest"; color as "utility" by Darwin4. "The Malayan Papilionidae or Swallow Tailed Butterflies as Illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection" (1864)Lepidoptera or butter flies as evidence for speciation; "species" and "origin" are defined, variation of six types: simple variability, polymorphism, local forms, co-existing varieties, races or subspecies, true species ; natural selection may work independently from sexual selection ; ambiguities of varieties and identification of speciation deduced by opinion; variation influenced by locality5. "On Instinct in Man and Animals" (1871)Organization in insects; "instinct" defined; man and instinct?; Wallace does not believe in the "Theory of Instinct"6. "The Philosophy of Bird's Nests" (1867)Birds building nests is not by instinct and men do not build by reason; men build according to necessity and resources; birds do the same with resources they encounter; birds in cages do not make the same nest as their species do in the wild; birds do not sing songs of their species, they sing and mimic the songs of whatever birds they hear; mainly men are the same in tribes and villages in that they imitate too; birds do alter and improve nesting when they find better equipment or the locations become dangerous7. "A Theory of Bird's Nests" (1868)Types of nests; the Law of sexual differences in color and nesting practices (240); sexual selection; exceptions to the Law8. "Creation by Law" (1867)Law of Multiplication in Geometrical Progression, Law of Limited Populations, Law of Heredity, Law of Variation, Law of Constant Physical Change of the Earth, the Equilibrium; Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Biology"; "self-regulating" natural laws alone can produce all creatures; a Creator could have made these laws; Darwin's metaphorical and teleological language causes misconceptions; examples of Geological adaptations by just general laws; the Theory of "Continual Interference" where the Creator intercedes is believed to actually limit the Creator's powers as a creative force and does not do justice to the Creator's power to create and design a self-diversifying creation; adaption MUST have the appearance of design; beauty in nature has advantages for reproduction purposes; Wallace argues that we should not assume the Creator's mind to be like our own in terms of our criterion for beauty and ugliness; Duke of Argyll's "Special Creation" view is countered; effects of breeding; variation has no limits; argument from "not enough time to cause much variation" addressed9. "The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864)Anthropologists say man is not recent but has existed 1,000 centuries ago; wide differences of opinion on Man's origin; anthropological data from cultures races of humans; differences in natural selection in animals and man; extinction in lower forms of man; origins of races of man - man was a homogeneous race at some point; man's brain grew and this `mind' gave man supremacy nature; man has escaped and taken away power from natural selection; savage and civilized man have differences culturally, not physically; 1. By intellect man makes better technology and 2. By better moral feelings man is fit for a social state; man will still progress via natural selection both physically and mentally10. "Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man" (1869)(Intelligently Designed Evolution)Not all nature can be explained by just natural principles; limits of natural selection; size of brain is key to higher species; man's brain compared to brain of apes; intellects of savages and animals compared; man's unhariyness, hands, feet voice, mental faculties, and moral sense are all insufficiently explained by natural selection; the origin and other views of origins of consciousness as not compatible with reality; the nature of matter; two forces: primary forces (Gravitation) and will-forces; the rise of the will; all force may be will-force from multiple Intelligences or one Supreme Intelligence ; will-force can be deduced from the facts from the sciencesTropical Nature and Other Essays (this whole section is made up essays which show further diversity in thought):1. "The Climate and Physical Aspects of the Equatorial Zone"2. "Equatorial Vegetation"3. "Animal Life in Tropical Forests"4. "Hummingbirds: As Illustrating the Luxuriance of Tropical Nature"5. "The Colours of Animals and Sexual Selection"6. "The Colours of Plants and the Origins of Colour-Sense"7. "The Antiquity and Origin of Man"8. "The Antiquity of Man in North America"9. "The Debt of Science to Darwin"Truly a remarkable collection of papers. Alfred Russel Wallace is a forgotten giant in evolutionary biology and is rarely mentioned in textbooks or anywhere really, but when he is is he is not emphasized much. It would be wise to read his contributions to the ideas for natural selection to see the whole picture of the Wallace - Darwinian Theory.For a historical look at evolutionary theories by the ancient Greeks and early Christians please read From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea to see how old and how ancient evolutionary theories are. For further reading on other evolutionary theories please look at Lamarck's wonderful 1809 work Zoological Philosophy, An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals which was basically the first complete and coherent "modern" evolutionary theory. Another primary work of interest on the history of evolutionary theories is Julian Huxley's Evolution: The Modern Synthesis which summarized how evolution was finally synthesized with disparate information from many separate fields within the branches of biology (i.e. genetics, systematics, etc) and paleontology in the 1930's and 1940's, not before. Its was an interesting point in time for evolution narratives and that book was considered as one of the main summaries of, what Huxley called, the "Neo-Darwinian" view. One interesting discussion point in that book is how evolutionary theory is inherently a deductive theory, not an inductive one.For information on the new evolutionary theory that is going to go beyond Wallace and Darwin's purposed mechanism and how molecular data has challenged the Wallace-Darwinian gradual evolution by interviews with molecular evolutionary biologists and astrobiologists that feel the need to propose a newer evolutionary synthesis, please read The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry and the proceedings of a new evolutionary theory in Evolution - the Extended Synthesis. Recent research articles which summarize the changes that are occurring due to genomic data are coming out (Koonin, Eugene V. 2009. "Darwinian Evolution in the Light of Genomics". Nucleic Acids Research. 2009. 37(4): 1011-1034 ; Koonin, Eugene V. 2009. "The Origin at 150: Is a New Evolutionary Synthesis in Sight?". Trends in Genetics. 2009. 25(11): 473-475).
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